| Korea’s Response to International Terrorism |
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Introduction
Not a single day goes by without a terrorist attack occurring somewhere in the world. Even so, little public attention is given to what is happening outside Korea. There is not even the slightest idea that terrorism could be ‘Korea’s problem.’ The beheading of the Korean civilian Kim Sun-il in Iraq, in 2001, and the abduction of Korean missionaries from Saemmul Community Church in Afghanistan, in 2007, had completely shocked the country and had drawn intensive media attention. But this interest gradually died down as repeated reports of terrorist attacks came from around the world, and news on the war against terrorism became not so new to many Koreans. The deaths of Korean tourists and a medical aid worker in Yemen, in March and June, 2009, did not stir up as much emotional response as previously displayed. The relative calmness displayed by Koreans has allowed the Korean government to focus on fundamental and long-term solutions. Attempts to defend itself and make temporary arrangements while under public criticism had been consuming. However, continuous public awareness and cooperation remain critical for the government to stay alert from terrorist threats. At home, the Korean government has been faithfully investing in its anti-terrorism capacity building for an extended time, as part of its extensive security efforts as the host of international political meetings (e.g. APEC and ASEM), and as the organizer of world sports events, such as the ’86 Asian Games and the ’88 Olympic Games. Its anti-terrorism capacity building efforts have gained international recognition. In its Country Reports on Terrorism 2008, published in April 2009, the U.S. State Department noted that Korea demonstrated excellent law enforcement and international cooperation to eradicate terrorism. The executive director of UNCTED (Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate) also gave high remarks on Korea’s anti-terrorism efforts during his visit to Korea in March of 2009. 1. Assessment of Terrorist Threats Korea’s geopolitical conditions render it hard for external forces to penetrate it unlike the European continent. Geographically, the Korean peninsula is surrounded by the sea on all sides but one, and politically, land border controls are strict because of the North-South security situation. Relatively free of minority ethnic and religious conflicts, secessionist terrorist actions like those prevalent in China and Thailand, are unlikely to occur in Korea. However, Korea is not immune to terrorism. Today, not a single country is free from terrorism. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the mastermind of the September 11 attacks, had confessed that Korea was a potential target in the initial plan to attack various targets in Asia at about the same time, but Osama Bin Laden called it off to focus on attacking the U.S. homeland. However, Osama Bin Laden put Korea back on the list of potential targets in his 2004 statement. After the 2005 London bombings, there were more home-grown terrorist attacks by nationals or normalized citizens than by outside terrorist organizations. In the run-up to the German national election, a young German-Moroccan man raised in Germany was caught after releasing a series of terrorist propaganda videos directly targeted at German audiences. He was only one of the many poor and socially alienated young adults who have grown anti-social and of those who fall for religious brainwashing. They are vulnerable to manipulation by terrorist groups. Even Korea cannot claim immunity from home-grown terrorism. Korea needs to adapt to the increase of foreign residents, multicultural families, and their related religious and cultural characteristics, such as the building of Muslim mosques, as part of the country’s multiethnic and multicultural transformation. However, Korea must also learn from the European experience and brace itself to respond to home-grown terrorist attacks. In relative terms Korea may be a ‘difficult target’ for terrorists, yet, it should not necessarily consider itself ‘safe’ from them. Home-grown terrorist threats may be relatively unlikely, but Korean nationals residing overseas face higher risks as more Korean travelers, businesses, and missionary groups move across borders. In 2009 alone, 4 tourists and 1 medical aid worker were killed in Yemen. It was the largest number of Korean victims since one fatality in 2004, and two in 2007. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT) provides safety guidelines and issues travel warnings in unstable countries, but the outreach is limited when the annual number of Korean travelers tops 10 million. The best policy is to first accept the fact that the government cannot protect every single person traveling outside Korea, so everyone must look after their own safety overseas. The abduction and the execution of the Saemmul Community Church members in 2007 was a heartbreaking incident, however it served as a wake-up call to Koreans abroad to take responsibility for their individual safety and security. 2. The Role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to Combat Terrorism Definitive ‘anti-terrorism legislation’ has not been introduced to the Korean legal system, however, ‘National Guidelines to Counter Terrorism,’ the presidential order, defines the roles and responsibilities of relevant authorities and offices, enabling government bodies to adopt individual measures to respond to different types of terrorist actions. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade assumes control of any terrorist attack on Koreans overseas. A task force team is set up as a central control authority and a local task force team or a follow-up unit may be dispatched depending on the situation. The consular call center is open year-round 24-hours to receive reports of terrorist attacks or crimes and to provide quick follow-ups in conjunction with the Korean embassy or consular. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade also engages in international cooperation to eradicate terrorism. It acts as a mediator between the Korean government and the international community to locally implement international measures, such as the ‘UN convention against terrorism’ and UN Security Council resolutions. International conferences provide opportunities to introduce Korea’s efforts to fight terrorism. In addition, organizing international seminars and assisting counter-terrorism capacity building in developing countries helps with inter-country cooperation against terrorism. The Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), for example, invites government officials from developing countries with the hope of transferring technology, and also dispatches experts to share knowledge and provide relevant training programs. Another government-level counter-terrorist effort is integration, which aims at resolving ethnic and religious misunderstandings and conflicts, one of the root causes of terrorism. A case in point is the launch of the ‘Korea-Arab Society’ in 2008. The mandate of the organization is to expand mutual understanding and strengthen relationships between Korea and Arab nations by inviting Arab students to cultural events in Korea and by organizing Caravans, or Korean cultural events in Arab nations. 3. International Cooperation Against Terrorism Korea has joined all 13 UN conventions against terrorism and has ratified 12 of them. Ratification of the remaining 1 convention is in progress. The government is also working towards implementing the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy adopted in 2006. Korea has taken up an active role in the region, organizing regional meetings and seminars as part of its efforts to work with ASEM, APEC, ASEAN+3, and ARF member countries within the framework of each of these institutions. In March 2009, Korea co-chaired ARF’s ISM (Inter-Sessional Meeting on Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime) with Vietnam. In June, international political leaders met at the Korea-ASEAN Special Summit in Jeju Island, Korea, where they agreed to cooperate against terrorism, cyber crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking, and financial laundering. The meeting successfully ended with a joint statement confirming their commitment. An anti-terrorism seminar for computer security experts from APEC member states is also scheduled to be held in November in Korea. Korea has also held annual bilateral anti-terrorism conferences with major countries since 2005. In 2009, Korean representatives met with Indonesian (May), Japanese (July), French and German (October) counterparts to exchange ideas and discuss future cooperation. The ‘War on Terrorism’ declared by the Bush Administration is akin to ‘Counter-terrorism Capacity Building’ efforts of the Obama Administration and the advanced Western countries. ‘Counter-terrorism Capacity Building’ is not about mopping-up terrorists by force. Rather, it is a preventive campaign of building terrorism-resistant fundamentals. More specifically, it is about assisting politically unstable countries establish democracy, training police forces, establishing legal frameworks, and building schools to avoid becoming the breeding grounds for terrorist activities. One may wonder how involvement in nation-building activities could provide protection from terrorism. Every country is a potential victim as long as terrorists can find a haven. The work of the Provincial Reconstruction Team in Afghanistan provides a good example. After the Taliban regime was ousted, the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Germany along with other countries have each taken up a region to assist in providing public services in the areas of security, law, education, and healthcare. Korean medical and engineer corps had been stationed in Afghanistan until December, 2007, providing medical aid and job training. Currently, a small group from the Korea Medical and Training Team continues to provide assistance in Bagram, and the Korean government has recently announced plans to send the Korean Provincial Reconstruction Team and security forces to Afghanistan. Blocking terrorist financing is another significant preventive international cooperation effort to fight terrorism. Korea has already signed the ‘UN convention against terrorist financing’ in 2001 and has enacted the ‘Act on Prohibition against the Financing of Terrorism’ for its implementation in the country. Korea’s membership in the OECD affiliated ‘Financial Action Task Force’ has also become official as of October 15, 2009. As such, Korea has committed itself in various ways to join the international force to eradicate terrorism. Last but not least, Korea is making use of its advanced IT technology to lead the fight against cyber terrorism. The notion that cyber terrorism can pose a threat to international security is still new. However, terrorist statements, terrorist propaganda videos and attack plans are released and distributed via the internet. The recent DDOS attacks are a strong reminder of the power of cyber terrorism, and that it can paralyze national infrastructure. Korea is currently leading ARF’s Virtual Meeting of Experts on Cyber Security and Cyber Terrorism. Conclusion Given the serious consequences of terrorism today, international cooperation against terrorism involves more than attending and organizing international conferences. In particular, it is imperative for Korea to make contributions in line with the size of its economy and international reputation. Korea tends to openly assume ‘noble’ roles, such as hosting the 2010 G20 meeting, but has been rather shy about fulfilling its ‘obligation’ to the international community to fight terrorism. Once again, Koreans and the Korean media should remember that Korea is not immune from terrorism and that the time has come to do more in joining the international community to eradicate terrorism. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. * Lee, Joon-gyu (South Korean Ambassador for International Counter-terrorism Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade) |