| Taiwanese Contentious Politics and Controversies over Taiwan-China ECFA |
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After almost one year of political disputes and public mistrust, Taiwan’s President Ma Ying-jeou finally was forced to face all doubts in a press conference on Feb 9, 2010, trying to defend the reasons why his KMT government has tried so hard to push for signing an Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) with China. Ma argued that such free trade pack with China will greatly help Taiwanese people to do business in China without tariff, and more importantly, once ECFA is signed, barriers to Taiwan’s effort to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN countries would be reduced. He, however, admitted the ECFA would bring both opportunities and risks to Taiwan, and his administration would take measures to minimize any damage. A compensation fund of US $3 billions would be established to this need, and no agricultural products could be imported into Taiwanese market as the impacts would be devastating. Ma also promised to keep the negotiation process with China transparent, but refused to be monitored by a proposed bi-partisan legislative task force as requested by the opposition DDP. In responding to a question raised in the press conference, Ma further ensured no “political language” such as “peaceful unification” or “one country, two systems” will appear in the pack, as he wants to keep ECFA economic rather than political.
Accompanied Ma was Vice President Siew, Premiere Wu, Minister of Economic Affairs Shih, and Minister of Mainland Affairs Lai, none of them offered additional explanation or comment. In the past twelve months, all of these high ranking officials and their offices have apparently failed to convey and convince the Taiwanese public concerning ECFA. Did President Ma really successfully clear all doubts and the opposition DPP would buy it and the public would believe it? The answer is unfortunately no. Political Disputes Continued Right after Ma’s press conference, DPP Chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen expressed disappointment and criticized Ma for failing to allay public anxiety and suspicion that ECFA would adversely affect Taiwan. Ma did not specify what “risks” were and elaborate which industries and workers would be hurt under the deal and how they could be helped by the government. It is estimated that Taiwan’s unemployment rate would rise to 7% to 8%, and many small and medium enterprises would be closed, and the agricultural sector would seriously be damaged. Furthermore, the most obvious economic risk would be the total dependence of Taiwan economy on China, given the fact that China is already the biggest trading and investment partner for Taiwan. Presently, 70 % of Taiwanese investment goes to China and 40% of Taiwanese export is into China. Once the pack is signed, Taiwan will be completely controlled by the so-called “One China Market,” a prelude to the “One China politics” as many critics in Taiwan have openly warned and feared. To many political critics in Taiwan, the Taiwan-China economic and trade links can not be treated as an economic matter. One simple fact is that China can not be regarded as a regular and normal trading partner, as China has an open political agenda to annex Taiwan. The sovereignty of Taiwan will be the most serious cost of all in signing ECFA. To opposition parties and many concerned citizens in Taiwan, sovereignty and national integrity of Taiwan is the central issue of political disputes surrounding ECFA controversy. As DPP Chairwoman Tsai warns, China would definitely ask Taiwan for reciprocate on political issues. In fact, Wang Yi, Director of Taiwan Affairs in PRC’s Department of State Affairs already stated that once ECFA is signed, no more economic issues remain to be resolved, and political negotiations should follow. With all the political questions raised by opposition parties and critics remain unanswered, Ma’s guarantee to have no “political languages” in ECFA really does not help much at all. Public Suspicion Unsolved Since last Feb. when Ma began to push for further economic integration pack with China, the first wave of public debate and confusion followed immediately. The overwhelming social reaction were doubt and uncertainty about what social and economic impacts such integration might bring about to Taiwan’s small and medium business, workers, farmers, and the general social cohesion. The more the government tried to hard sell the pack by one-sided promotion of the benefits with deliberate avoidance of the costs resulting from signing it, the more suspicious the general publics have become. As early as March 2009, a poll conducted by DPP showed that 45% did not know about such pack ( whatever its name actually was), 49% concerned about a further economic cooperation might cause Taiwan’s over dependence on China and even affect Taiwan’s autonomy, 57% disagreed with the governmental line that without strengthening economic links, Taiwan would be excluded and isolated from international economic and trade relations, and 71% worried about the dumping of cheap goods and agricultural products from China and the worsening jobless problems once the cross-straits economic links furthered. At that time, the public already expressed clear concern about the political consequences of the pack with China, though Ma government always refrained from mentioning about the inevitable political impacts. Because of its evident political nature, 78% of the public claimed that the government should first make a consensus with the opposition parties, 89% demanded a prior discussion and monitor in the legislative body, 64% even advocated for a referendum since the pack with China could involve national sovereignty issue, 80% objected any economic cooperation agreement signed under the “One China principle” as insisted by PRC all along. Finally, more than a half of Taiwanese public (54%) expressed no confidence on Ma government’s ability to protect Taiwan’s interest in the cross-straits negotiation. In another poll by Global View Magazine in December 2009, it was still found that nearly a half of Taiwan citizens (49%) did not believe that Ma administration could really protect the public interest and minimize the negative impacts of ECFA. The most recent poll released by DPP further revealed that as high as 68% of the public gave no confidence to the existing legislative body to effectively monitor the administrative branch’s China policy, and 74% supported to establish a separate bi-partisan task force in monitoring the ECFA negotiation. Therefore, it is clear that after a full year of policy promotion and Public persuasion, the Ma government still failed to convince the Taiwanese citizens concerning the proposed ECFA signing with China. And that was why, in the press conference on Feb.9, Ma for the first time openly stated that the on-going negotiation has no fixed time table. Premier Wu even declared that if no complete public confidence, ECFA negotiation can be halted anytime. Class Conflict Increased One very serious ECFA social impact would be the increasing social class conflict that Ma government dared not even to mention about it. At first, advocate for any forms of cross-straits economic cooperation agreements came from those big businessmen and capitalists who have vested interests in China trade and investment as soon as Ma got elected as the President of Taiwan in March 2008. One year later, Ma announced his Taiwan-China economic pack first in the name of CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement) in Feb. of 2009, later it was changed to ECFA (Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement) in April 2009. Regardless of the name of the cross-straits economic pack, the nature has always been to enhance the Taiwan-China economic integration in order to protect and consolidate the vested interests of those pro-China Taiwanese capitalists and business sectors. As pointed out earlier, many political and social critics (from social movement organizations of labor and farmers) have openly worried that such further economic integration would inevitably cause many social problems such as the closure small and medium business, worsening unemployment for blue collar workers, forced jobless for farmers, and displacement of many managerial and professional middle class, and even overall regression of salary levels for Taiwan’s job market. From the social and public view, ECFA was definitely for the rich and at the expense of the poor. Some media even coined the alarming term of “new class struggles” to imply the social consequence of ECFA. Concluding Word In conclusion, ECFA as advocated by the “unholy alliance” of KMT’s Ma government, Taiwanese big business interests, and China has now faced a strong resistance from Taiwan’s political opposition parties, general public, and civil society advocates. Two persistent warnings from the critics are quite straightforward. The first is that if ECFA can really foster peace between Taiwan and China by a further economic cooperation, then it must not be obtained at the cost of Taiwan’s national sovereignty. The second is that if ECFA can really bring in more fortune to Taiwan, it must not be achieved at the sacrifice of the middle class, workers and farmers. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. * Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao Director, Institute of Sociology Academia Sinica |