| A Perspective on the Greater Tumen Initiative and Northeast Asia Economic Cooperation |
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GTI as a Regional Economic Cooperation Platform
Created in 1990s by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI), originally known as the Tumen River Area Development Programme, has served as an active multilateral intergovernmental platform for economic cooperation among the four member states (China, Mongolia, Republic of Korea, and the Russia Federation). According to an intergovernmental agreement signed in 1995 by the five initial member governments1) that included the DPRK, the main goal of the GTI is to strengthen economic cooperation to achieve greater growth and sustainable development for the people and countries in Northeast Asia with a geographical focus on the Tumen River region. With the support of the UNDP, the GTI acts as a catalyst to expand policy dialogue among member governments, and foster a favorable environment for regional cooperation in areas such as transport infrastructure, energy security, tourism development, trade facilitation, investment promotion and environment protection. In addition to the annual intergovernmental Consultative Commission Meeting (vice-minister level), the GTI member governments have established both financial and institutional instruments, including the support on the operation of the GTI Secretariat and the establishment of the intergovernmental boards consisting of senior officials from each sector to facilitate the cooperation activities. While the GTI remains supported by the UNDP, it also collaborates with the other important international and regional NGOs, financing institutions, academic communities, and the private sector. For instance, the GTI Business Advisory Council was created as a public private partnerships mechanism to encourage and support the private sector engagement in regional economic cooperation. There is enormous potential for economic cooperation and development in Northeast Asia however, there is also the reality of the geopolitical complexity of the region due to historical disputes, international power struggles, tensions on the Korean peninsula, diverse political systems, and conflict of interests over development. Though GTI cooperation is aimed at promoting economic growth, it is also an important means to strengthen mutual trust among neighbors that indirectly contributes to the peace and stability of Northeast Asia. GTI’s Relations with the DPRK and Japan As a cooperation platform that focuses on the Northeast Asia, the relation with two other Northeast Asian countries- the DPRK and Japan- has been an important topic of the GTI agenda. For example, at the 11th GTI Consultative Commission Meeting (September 2010 in Changchun, China), the member governments stressed the importance to involve all Northeast Asia countries in regional cooperation.2) In terms of the re-engagement of the DPRK in the GTI cooperation, the regional environment has signaled positive conditions. First, China as one of the GTI members, has been supportive towards the DPRK’s re-engagement in the GTI. As the most important partner and friend of the DPRK, China’s encouragement might enhance the DPRK’s interest and confidence to come back the GTI table. In early June, the DPRK and China agreed to establish three special economic zones- Hwanggumpyong Island, Wihwa Island, and the Rason Economic and Trade Zone (one of the focused areas for GTI cooperation before the DPRK withdrawal). These special economic zones were to enhance the economic and trade cooperation between the two countries and with other regions of the world. It is expected that the establishment of these zones will have a positive impact on the economic growth of the DPRK and China’s northeast region. Based on the DPRK’s close economic ties with China, and its eagerness for economic development, it is assumed that the DPRK would carefully consider the GTI members’ proposal to re-engage in the GTI cooperation, which will benefit the promotion of these special economic zones and the DPRK’s economic prosperity through the GTI platform. Second, the DPRK’s economic reform and recent development in areas such as renewable energy require the support from its partners. The DPRK has been lack of resources, information, technology, and experience for its development therefore, coming back to the GTI seems to be a practical choice to gain more resources and international support from GTI member states and international partners. Third, despite the disputes between the DPRK and ROK over the North Korean torpedoing of the South Korean naval ship Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island, inter-Korea economic relations and cooperation might be resumed or at least to be discussed under the GTI platform. This could enable the gradual build up of trust with the support of other GTI members. Resuming economic cooperation with the DPRK under the GTI framework should be a continued practice for the South Korean government. This is an important step considering that 2012 is presidential election year. The cooperation between the GTI members and the DPRK might first start from concrete project activities, such as capacity building for government officials and investment promotions for the Rason economic and trade zone. Upon the foundation established, discussion could be further extended for increased cooperation under the GTI framework. In terms of the cooperation with Japan, the local prefectures in the Japan western coast have shown greater interest than the central government. The western coast prefectures, such as Tottori, Niigata, and Akita, have been actively cooperating with their counterparts in the GTI region on the establishment of NEA transportation networks, tourism promotion, as well as investment and trade activities. In recent years, interest over GTI cooperation from the Japanese western coast prefectures increased and the actual cooperation activities have built a solid basis for further strategic partnerships between GTI members and Japan, or even Japan’s accession to the GTI in the near future. A GTI Local Cooperative Mechanism has been created to strengthen and encourage the participation of Northeast Asia provincial governments from GTI member states (as well as Japan and the DPRK) to jointly promote regional projects and cooperation activities. This mechanism serves as an ad hoc cooperation network only for practical cooperation at the local level. Prospects on Northeaet Asia Cooperation After about two decades of development, the GTI has been standing at the new crossroads. It has been transformed from a UNDP programme centered on the Tumen River area to be an enhanced intergovernmental cooperation platform that targets the Northeast Asia region. The GTI framework has a unique value that fosters exchanges and policy dialogues among national governments in Northeast Asia, as well as promotes concrete project cooperation at the local (provincial) level with the involvement of the private sector. The potential of the GTI as a Northeast Asia regional cooperation platform could be realized only if it also engages with the DPRK and Japan in the future. The growing interests of Japanese western coast prefectures and the substantial moves of the DPRK’s economic opening-up is bringing positive changes to the GTI towards an integrated Northeast Asia cooperation platform in the near future. _____ 1) The Tumen River Area Development Programme (predecessor of the GTI) was formally established in 1995 by the signing of an intergovernmental agreement between the five initial members? Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), People’s Republic of China, Republic of Korea (ROK), Mongolia and Russian Federation, with the support of the United Nations Development Programme. The DPRK withdrew from the GTI as of November 2009. 2) Changchun Declaration 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. * Zhu Shu is a Senior Programme Officer at the Tumen Secretariat of Greater Tumen Initiative, which is an intergovernmental cooperation mechanism in Northeast Asia supported by the United Nations Development Programme. He graduated from the European Erasmus Mundus programme with a Master degree in Comparative Local Development. He has wide-ranging experience in both mass media and the development sector. |