| Emergence of G30 and the Need for a New World Financial Order |
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LEE Sang-Hwan(Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) In two months time, the G20 Summit will be held in Seoul, heralding the start of a new world financial and economic order in the wake of the global financial crisis. The outline of the policy direction concerning sustainable and balanced growth, which is the priority item on the agenda of the G20 Summit, is expected to be presented at the forthcoming event in Seoul. At the Toronto Summit held last June, the leaders of the G20 countries agreed to discuss new international capital and cash liquidity criteria designed to reinforce bank soundness regulation and new ways of innovating international financial organizations, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), at the Seoul Summit. The G20, which was launched as an alternative to the G7 in connection with the need to overcome the global financial crisis, is a de facto supreme council dealing with global economic issues. The launch of the G7 was a result of the first oil shock in the early 1970s and the ensuing instability of the world economy. At that time, a more fundamental cause of such instability was the collapse of the Bretton Woods system and the adoption of a system of fluctuating exchange rates. From the time of its launch, the G20 was closely connected with financial crisis. The foreign exchange/financial crisis that hit various countries in East Asia in 1997 drove not only Asian countries, including South Korea, but the world economy into confusion. Leading industrialized countries saw that the financial crises in newly emerging countries could cause financial instability in themselves as a result of globalization. Thus, they started looking for ways of cooperation with newly emerging countries to prevent the recurrence of such a disaster. The G20 system has gradually revealed itself, following the first meeting of the financial ministers and central bank presidents of the G20 countries in Berlin in December 1999. The G20 is a club composed of the twenty leading economies of the world, i.e. the G7 (the U.S., the U.K., France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Canada), the EU, the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China), and eight emerging economies (South Korea, Indonesia, Argentina, Mexico, Turkey, Australia, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia). Today, the G20 accounts for roughly 85% of the world’s GDP and two-third’s of the world’s population, displaying its influence and representativeness. It is particularly significant that, with the launch of the G20 Summit, emerging countries have secured an active position in the search for a new world financial order. It can be said that the shift to the G20 system was a natural course of action following the global economic crisis and the change in the distribution of economic power between countries. As it has sufficient economic representativeness, the G20 will only be able to consolidate its position as an established system if it can secure effectiveness. The problem is that it is not easy to find the means by which the member countries, which hold diverse positions from the perspective of national interest, can reach a consensus and put it into action. Some scholars say that the share of emerging countries in the world economy will expand to about 70% in ten years. While the G20 has emerged to replace the G7, there are people voicing the need for the launch of a G30, which would include some of the poor countries of Africa. They say that global economic and financial issues cannot now be settled by either the leading industrialized countries or by a small group of countries, including newly industrialized countries, and that they can only be settled by the proposed G30. The prevailing situation in the 1970s required collaboration between the G7 countries. The G20 was launched according to the dictates of the situation in the 1990s. And what is happening today leads experts to predict the emergence of a G30. The G20 is composed of five groups of regional leading countries (i.e. industrialized and emerging countries), namely, Group 1 (the U.S., Canada, Saudi Arabia and Australia), Group 2 (Russia, India, Turkey and South Africa), Group 3 (Brazil, Argentina and Mexico), Group 4 (the U.K., France, Germany and Italy) and Group 5 (South Korea, Japan, China and Indonesia). In contrast, the G30 will be a body that represents the whole world, including late-starting industrial countries and poor countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It may be said to be a transitional course in the move toward the status of genuine global governance. The central of the world economy has laid in major industrialized countries amid the emphasis on effectiveness. However, the discussion about the launch of a G30 is meaningful in that the global consensus in the true meaning of the word should secure its representativeness based on negotiations and mutual agreements rather than on strength. How, then, should we view the emergence of the proposed G30? In discussions about the significance of the G20, some watchers express their view that the Anglo-American style market-oriented system will decline and be replaced by the influence of governments in the future world financial/economic order, and thus that it will be difficult to a wide-ranging bubble economy in various regions of the world as in the past. They insist that priority should be placed on the establishment of a system that can control market-related risks rather than on deregulation. Their policy position is that the positive functions of deregulation should be maximized, but market-related risks caused by deregulation should be thoroughly controlled. In early 2009, the Group of Thirty (G-30), formed in 1978 and composed a body of economists and policy makers from many countries around the world, released the Report on How to Improve the Financial System. The report contains ideas about how to expand governmental regulations on banks and their investment business in an epoch-making way. It points to the need to limit the size of banks and regulate their managers’ remunerations, hedge funds and the concentration of deposits on a small number of banks. Their point is that it is necessary not to allow the failure of each institution to have structural importance by reducing its size, and that the same logic should apply to all financial institutions similar to banks and their products. Concerning the possibility of preventing a global financial crisis through financial innovation, George Soros said: “ Markets are not only imperfect but bubbles are likely to occur as they do not always succeed in balancing themselves. Financial authorities should check the status of the market and emit a warning sound at an opportune time.” What he says is that it is not easy to regulate the financial market uniformly and that we cannot be confident about the effects of regulations. As such, we should focus on innovations by reinforcing the supervisory system that copes well with the structural characteristics of the financial market rather than by expanding uniform regulations. In this regard, collaboration between countries appears to be all the more important, and we expect a more positive role of the G30, which will take a one step forward from the G20. In 2008, the G20 Summit was launched as a new world economic council due to a perceived need for close policy collaboration between industrialized countries and emerging countries amid the effort to settle the global financial crisis that started in the U.S.. What enabled emerging countries to take part in the efforts to overcome the financial crisis shoulder to shoulder with industrialized countries was the enhanced status of such countries as South Korea, China and India. Now, they are discussing the launch of a G30 that would include even some poor countries, pointing to the forthcoming launch of genuine global governance. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. *LEE Sang-hwan (Professor, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) |