- By
- LEE Sang-Hwan(Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)
- Vol
- 2011-26
LEE Sang-Hwan(Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) Today, issues related to energy, the environment, and bio security are becoming a focus of attention in the international community. During the 20th century, national security for survival was a matter of urgent necessity. In the 21st century, human security related to the quality of people’s lives, such as the stable securing of energy, food, and water resources, development of alternate energy, environmental conservation, disease control and development of new medicines, is becoming the center of attention. Especially, energy resources of which reserve is limited have become a factor that has a decisive impact on the fate of countries in matters related to economic development and the expansion of military power needed to protect their sovereignty. An increase in supranational environmental threats caused by the consumption of energy resources is gradually giving rise to conflicts between countries and presenting threats to humankind. Under such circumstances, sustainability conflicts over countries’ competition to secure energy, environment, and bio resources have emerged as an important subject for international discussions in the 21st century. Thus, we should note the fact that disputes and conflicts are mounting over issues related to the environment and energy, food, and water resources of which impact on humankind is only increasing in the 21st century. In the post-Cold War period, disputes attributable to ideological conflicts have noticeably decreased. However, conflicts over energy, environmental and bio resources, particularly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, continue to increase. Matters concerning limited resources and the increase in conflicts related to them are important problems that should be solved for a Sustainable Global Society. In regard to energy conflicts, domestic, regional, and international conflicts are occurring due to the need to secure and manage energy resources, such as petroleum and natural gas, and non-energy resources, including metals, and some of them are on the verge of a physical clash. International competition for securing energy is compounded by newly emerging economies, such as China, Russia, India, Brazil, and South Korea, in addition to advanced countries like the US, Japan, and those in Europe. Environmental conflicts are deepening between countries with a compulsory burden of reducing greenhouse gases and those without such a burden, as testified by the process of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Even in the case of bio disputes, conflicts are worsening between countries, in which epidemics, such as a new strain of swine flu or SARS, have begun, and their neighboring countries. Instances of internal strife in African countries due to insufficient food and water supplies are also getting worse. Former US State Secretary Henry A. Kissinger said, “The conflict that is most likely to occur in the global village is one over fossil fuel.” Wars without weapons are being waged in global villages over production and distribution of resources as if to confirm what Mr. Kissinger said. In many countries rich in important sources, such as petroleum, natural gas, gold, or tungsten, bloody internal strife is going on between different political factions and tribes. Big resource-consuming countries put pressure on, or sometimes even invade, resource-holding countries to secure resources. Examples of big and powerful countries’ energy security policies intended to secure stable resources include the US waging wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Russia taking measures to block the establishment of new countries near the Caspian Sea, and China cracking down on the movement of independence in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang and Tibet in connection with a need to establish a presence in the Caspian Sea, a treasure trove of energy resources. The yellow dust from China that wreaks havoc with regions in Northeast Asia is likely to lead to environmental and bio disputes. More seriously, big and powerful countries’ energy, environment, and bio policies are clashing with each other in the course of reestablishing alliance relations aligned with their national interest. That is, sustainability conflicts are creating another Cold War. Energy, environment, and bio disputes pose a serious stumbling block to the establishment of a Sustainable Global Society and present a threat to world peace. As the 13th largest economy relying on imports for most (97%) of its energy needs, South Korea has also joined the competition for securing energy resources. More developed countries need a wider variety of mineral resources and South Korea is in a very disadvantageous position due to the lack of available mineral resources the country should rely on foreign countries for most of its strategic resources. Thus, the matter involves energy security, as energy (particularly oil) supply stability has a critical impact on the country’s economic development, operation of military power, and the peoples’ survival rights. As a country that has applied itself to industrialization over the past half-century, South Korea is faced with environmental problems due to its heavy energy-consuming industrial structure. The country may suffer a severe blow to its economy if it is subject to the compulsory burden of reducing greenhouse gases without proper measures. In Korea, as a country that signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, resolving problems of an increase in energy consumption and the environmental pollution associated with economic development has emerged as a core issue of new national projects. The inability to reorganize into an industrial structure centered on a knowledge-based industry with high added value will mean a free fall of the country’s economy. Without development in genetics, engineering needed to find a solution to the food shortage problem, and in pharmaceutical science and bio engineering, needed for solution of disease problems, it is likely that the country’s status will fall and the quality of Koreans’ everyday lives will worsen. Sustainability Conflicts and Importanceof Global Crisis Management If World War Ⅲ ever breaks out, it will mostly likely be caused by a sustainability conflict. Finding a solution to such a problem requires the understanding of the nature of disputes over energy, environment, and bio-related matters, which have the most conspicuous impact on the establishment of a sustainable international society. In other words, global crises that may be caused by energy, environment, and bio-related disputes should be managed well in conjunction with a need to maintain a sustainable international society and for efficient joint use of energy, environmental, and bio resources. That way, the world will continue to enjoy sustainable development and maintain peace by maintaining human security.이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다.* Dr. LEE Sang-Hawn is Professor of Political Science & Diplomacy at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and the Director of the Institute of Global politics of the same university. He received a Ph.D. in politics from Michigan State University. He currently serves as a policy adviser to the Ministry of Unification, a publication directors at the Korean Association of International Studies and a director at the Korean Political Science Association. He has also served as a Presidential advisor for diplomatic and security matters.